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- $Unique_ID{BRK04341}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome}
- $Subject{X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Immunodeficiency X-Linked
- Progressive Combined Variable Duncan Disease X-Linked Lymphoproliferative
- Disease XLPD XLP EBV Susceptibility EBVS Immunodeficiency-5 IMD5 Infectious
- Mononucleosis Susceptibility IMS Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Infectious
- Mononucleosis Malignant Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin's Hypogammaglobulinemia }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 729:
- X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (X-Linked
- Lymphoproliferative Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the
- SYNONYM listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered
- by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Immunodeficiency, X-Linked Progressive Combined Variable
- Duncan Disease
- X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Disease
- XLPD
- XLP
- EBV Susceptibility
- EBVS
- Immunodeficiency-5
- IMD5
- Infectious Mononucleosis Susceptibility
- IMS
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
- Infectious Mononucleosis
- Malignant Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's
- Hypogammaglobulinemia
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- X-linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome is a very rare life-threatening
- genetic disease of the immune system that affects only males, making them
- vulnerable to death from the Epstein-Barr Virus which causes mononucleosis.
-
- Symptoms
-
- X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (XLP) is a rare inherited immune
- deficiency. Most people are exposed to the Epstein Barr virus during
- childhood or adolescence, and they recover from infectious mononucleosis
- without long lasting effects. However, mononucleosis in males with the XLP
- defect can be life-threatening. Additionally, these males are susceptible to
- other life-threatening diseases such as lymphomas and hypogammaglobulinemia.
-
- There are usually no symptoms of XLP until the patient contracts the
- Epstein-Barr virus. When this happens the person becomes extremely ill with
- infectious mononucleosis, or non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma, or
- hypogammaglobulinemia (an insufficient level of gammaglobulin in the body
- which is needed to fight off common infections). The disease can be fatal in
- 60 to 75% of these male patients.
-
- Causes
-
- The cause of X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome is thought to be a rare
- recessive genetic defect located on the X chromosome. Human traits,
- including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of
- two genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. X-linked
- recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X chromosome.
- Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome and one Y
- chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X chromosome can be
- masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since males only have
- one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease present on the X, it
- will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit the gene to all
- their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons. Women who are
- carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of transmitting
- the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent risk of
- transmitting the disease to their sons.
-
- Scientists are still working to find the exact location of the defective
- gene that causes X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome.
-
- Affected Population
-
- X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome affects only males who carry the
- defective gene and who become infected by the Epstein-Barr virus. The great
- majority of adults in the U.S. have been exposed to the E-B virus by the time
- they reach adulthood. In many cases mononucleosis is very mild during
- childhood and is misdiagnosed as a sore throat or nonspecific viral
- infection. Immunity lasts throughout life once a person has been infected.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- The following disorders may have symptoms that are similar to mononucleosis.
- However, people with XLP have more intense life threatening symptoms:
-
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is characterized by severe fatigue that lasts
- for weeks or months and is severe enough to significantly limit daily
- activities. Symptoms include mild fever, sore throat, painful lymph nodes in
- the neck or armpits, generalized weakness of muscles with pain or discomfort,
- headaches, joint pains that come and go, vision problems, or sleep
- disturbances. Symptoms often begin following a flu-like illness. The intense
- fatigue can mimic weakness associated with mononucleosis, but the Epstein
- Barr virus is not related to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. (For more information
- on this disorder, choose "Chronic Fatigue" as your search term in the Rare
- Disease Database).
-
- Infectious Mononucleosis is a common infectious disease caused by the
- Epstein-Barr virus that is also known as the "kissing disease" or "Glandular
- Fever." Symptoms include fever, severe fatigue, swollen lymph glands, and an
- abnormally large number of white blood cells in the blood. These white blood
- cells can look like certain leukemia cells that sometimes tests are needed to
- determine exactly which disease the patient has. In mild cases the disorder
- may not be diagnosed because it appears like a mild viral infection. In more
- severe cases it may take 6 to 8 weeks or longer for recovery which usually
- occurs without treatment.
-
- Malignant Lymphoma is a type of cancer that appears most often in the
- lymph nodes, spleen, or other normal sites of lymphoreticular cells. It may
- invade the blood and manifest itself as leukemia. It can be located in
- almost any part of the body. There are many different types of Lymphoma that
- are classified by cell type, degrees of differentiation, and nodular pattern.
-
- Hypogammaglobulinemia is a disorder of antibody production and/or
- function which cannot be attributed to some other underlying illness. Low
- levels of gammaglobulin leads to insufficient antibodies that are needed to
- resist and overcome common infections. People with this disorder are
- susceptible to infections that can become life-threatening due to their
- impaired immune system. (For more information on this disorder, choose
- "Agammaglobulinemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome is symptomatic and
- supportive. In cases of hypogammaglobulinemia, gammaglobulin can be
- prescribed to boost the immune system. Genetic counseling will be of benefit
- for patients and their families.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Scientists are studying the chromosomes of X-Linked Lymphoproliferative
- Syndrome patients through DNA probes. It is hoped that the gene defect which
- causes this syndrome will be identified in the near future.
-
- The drug recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is being tested as a
- possible treatment for XLP. More studies are necessary to determine safety
- and effectiveness of this treatment.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on X-linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome, please
- contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5717
-
- Physicians may refer patients with XLP who wish to participate in genetic
- studies to:
-
- Dr. James Skare
- Boston University School of Medicine
- Center for Human Genetics
- Boston, MA 02118
-
- For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins
- University Press, 1986. Pp. 1329.
-
- MARKERS MAPPED FOR LIFE-THREATENING DISORDER, James Skare, Research
- Resources Reporter, National Institutes of Health (June, 1989, issue XIII
- (6)). Pp. 6-7.
-
- MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA IN THE X-LINKED LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE SYNDROME. D.S.
- Harrington, et al.; Cancer, (April 15, 1987, issue 59 (8)). Pp. 1419-1429.
-
- EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS IN MALES WITH THE X-LINKED
- LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE SYNDROME, H. Grierson, et al.; Ann Intern Med, (April,
- 1987, issue 106 (4)). Pp. 538-545.
-
- X-LINKED LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE: A KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS, A. Harris, et
- al.; Cytogenet Cell Genet, (1988, issue 47 (1-2)). Pp. 92-94.
-
- INTERFERON-GAMMA IN A FAMILY WITH X-LINKED LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE SYNDROME
- WITH ACUTE EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTION. M. Okano, et al.; J Clin Immunol
- (January, 1989, issue 9 (1)). Pp. 48-54.
-
-